of the Waikawau block, the alienation of the Waikawau reserves, the alienation and failure to protect Wairotoroto, Waipatukahu and Omawhiti wahi tapu, and the alienation of the Tapu reserve.

(11) Wai 464 and Wai 661: Ngati Hikairo

Wai 464 was lodged by Gavin Caird and others in April 1994 on behalf of Ngati Hikairo (a hapu of Ngati Maru) and the owners and trustees of the Pakirarahi íc block, with regard to the alienation of this block.⁶⁴ This land was returned to the control of Ngati Hikairo in 1991, without compensation for the period of alienation and the loss of mineral and timber resources.⁶⁵ Wai 661 was lodged by Shane Ashby and Philip Hikairo in November 1996 on behalf of Ngati Hikairo, with regard to the Wharekawa East and other blocks. Wai 464 and Wai 661 are set out in a combined amended statement of claim (September 1999).⁶⁶ The claimants rely upon the evidence presented during the hearing of Wai 100 and on the Wai 100 closing submissions.⁶⁷ The Ngati Hikairo claim also refers to taonga and wahi tapu, timber, public works policy, the operation of the Native Land Court and the alienation of Te Waitotara 1 and 2 blocks, Te Whakataha 3 and 4 blocks and the Parawaha block (collectively referred to, by the claimants, as 'the Manaia blocks').⁶⁸ Counsel for the claimants submitted that ‘The almost total disappearance of Ngati Hikairo as a separate entity was a direct result of this land loss’.⁶⁹

(12) Wai 475: The Mangakahia whanau

Wai 475 was lodged in October 1994 by Remehio Te Maunga Mangakahia and others.⁷⁰ The claimants have stressed that they claim as a whanau, ‘not on behalf of any wider group, whether Ngati Pare or Ngati Huarere’.⁷¹ The main issues of claim relate to the loss of ownership, kaitiakitanga, and rangatiratanga over customary lands, rivers, foreshores, and seas, including Whangapoua Harbour, and lost taonga, including te reo Maori. This loss, it is claimed, was in consequence of the processes created by the Native Land Acts, which, among other things, allowed for Crown and private land purchases without the creation of sufficient inalienable reserves of land. Other issues of claim relate to timber, environmental degradation, the succession principles introduced by the Crown that caused land to pass outside the bloodline, the erosion of Maori rights and interests with regard to the ownership and control of foreshores and harbours, and the effects of the Harataunga development

64. Claim 1.21(a)

65. Claim 1.21(b), pp 4-5; doc Y4, p 10

66. Claim 1.21(b)

67. Document Y4, p 2

68. Claim 1.21(b), p 2; doc Y4, p 3

69. Document Y4, p 3. The relevant submissions and evidence in relation to the Wai 464 and Wai 661 claims include documents H3, I7-19, I24-I35, Y4, and AA14.

70. Claim 1.22

71. Document A28, p 40