who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage also commented that the mud at low tide provided a form of defence from the river side.
In the Tamaki area the volcanic cones of Maungarei (Mt Wellington), Otahuhu (Mt Richmond) and Te Apunga o Tainui (McLennan Hills), Matanginui (Green Mt), Ohuiarangi (Pigeon Mt), Te Puke o Tara (Smales Mt), and also Motukorea (Browns Island), Takapuna (North Head) and Takarunga (Mt Victoria) were defended by a combination of steepened scarps and palisades on the terrace edges, and a ditch and bank s stem on the rim of the crater.